As a tool of social analysis, the concept of class fell into disfavor. Academics scoff at it as a crude, outdated remnant of a discredited Marxist tradition. Politicians scorn it as an affront to the social homogeneity of modern advanced democracies.
But
the rising awareness of economic inequality and its growth in the US
has recently brought the idea back into focus, though a decidedly
cloudy focus.
The
Occupy Movement, its counterparts and spin-offs, generated a
simplistic picture of social class based upon an arbitrary, yet
compelling division of income and wealth. The idea of the “1%” is
a welcome radical slogan, but of little use in understanding the
dynamics of various social groups and the relative stability of a
social system operating against the interests of the 99%.
Others
have contrived a structure that places a vast “middle class” at
the center of US society with the decadently rich and the poor at the
margins. This quasi-class structure is the preferred depiction of
social democratic trade union leaders and politicians who rail
against the “shrinkage” of the middle class while evading an
indictment of corporations or capitalism. This construction is both
misleading and politically impotent.
Modern liberals have… [created] ...an artificial class-- the “middle class”-- that purports to include hospital workers, food service workers, and sweatshop workers in the same class with doctors, lawyers, and financial managers. For those left out of this broad, meaningless class, the Democratic Party offers the fruits of volunteerism and charitable giving as expressed in its 2012 platform.
Unlike
the Occupy movement’s hazy recognition of class antagonism,
liberals see social harmony disrupted by unchecked greed. For them,
the expansive “middle class” is a happy product of capitalism
when properly regulated.
The
Marxist Alternative
Like
the Occupy movement, Marxists see a class divide roughly based on
wealth and income. But they probe deeper for the cause of that
divide, locating the cause in social relations unique to capitalism.
Those social relations turn on a person’s relationship to the
instruments essential to the creation of society’s wealth. Those
who possess (own) those instruments form a social class (the
bourgeoisie, capitalist class) that, not coincidentally, acquires a
greater share of society’s wealth.
Those
who own little or none of the instruments of production must hire
themselves out to the owners of those instruments in order to find a
place in the economic system. They exchange their labor for an
income. But because they depend
upon this exchange for their continued existence, the owners of the
means of production maintain an advantage over them. Marx calls those
who are dependent “the proletariat” (the working class); he calls
the relationship of dependency “exploitation.”
Thus,
capitalist society divides itself into two classes based upon a
social/legal relation to the material and immaterial means of
creating wealth: those who control (own) those means fall into the
capitalist class; those who add their labor to the means of
production constitute the working class.
Marx’s
neat class divide calls for some refinement: he recognized that there
were penumbra on the two major classes, lesser groups with ambiguous
features. At the margin of the working class are déclassé workers
who often survive by extra-legal means or as parasites on other
workers. Marx dubbed this group the lumpen-proletariat.
But
below the principal owners of the most powerful economic entities--
the national and multinational corporations, in our era-- is a group
of small business owners, merchants, managers, consultants,
intellectuals, and professionals who identify and share many
interests with the bourgeoisie. Marx labeled this group the petty
bourgeoisie or petite-bourgeoisie. Though the group’s relations to
the means of production (and wealth) may be tenuous, those populating
this group nonetheless tend to share values with the bourgeois class.
The petty bourgeois world view is essentially that of the very
wealthy and powerful.
The
Petty Bourgeoisie and Today’s Politics
A
recent (June, 2016) study
by Stephen Rose of the Urban Institute gives credence to the Marxist
class analysis and provides a key to both the resilience of
capitalist domination and the current political crisis. Ross
endeavoured to track the growth of the US “upper middle class”
(UMC), an economic category assigned a benign name, but not
reflective of a similarly benign role. While Rose chooses to define
the UMC in terms of income-- a slippery approach to class-- his
category roughly captures the class dimensions of the Marxist concept
of the petty bourgeoisie. Rose’s income-filters select those who
persistently identify with the bourgeoisie (Rose’s top .1-1.8% of
incomes) because of their economic status.
His
findings show a remarkable increase in the size of the UMC from 12.9%
of the population in 1979 to 29.4% in 2014!
In other words, the mass base potentially supporting the ideology and
values of the so-called 1% more than doubled in size in 35 years.
Even
more striking, the rich and the upper middle class accounted for 30%
of all income in 1979. By 2014, their share grew to 63.1% of all
income, demonstrating the enormous growth in resources available to
those with a vested interest in capitalism and the status quo.
Thus,
as 70% of the population-- the working class and the poor--
experienced greater and greater inequality, rising poverty and
insecurity, intensifying racism, unemployment, and growing debt, the
capitalist class and its junior partners grew in size, wealth, and
influence. At the same time, the class divide grew wider.
What
Does the Class Analysis Reveal?
The
relative growth and strength of the petty bourgeoisie offers a
powerful ally with the capitalist class before an increasingly
demoralized, poorly led, and fragmented majority. As the
capitalist/petty bourgeois coalition became more powerful over the
last 35 years, union militancy declined, electoral cynicism grew, and
radical opposition faded, further denying the majority its place in
the democratic process and the defense of its interests.
Clearly,
the simplistic class analysis of the 1% versus the 99% fails to grasp
the implications of this development. It offers no explanation of the
inability of the 99% to simply overpower the will of the 1%. And it
fails to reveal the pitfalls of petty bourgeois leadership.
Likewise,
the social democratic theory of a thriving, homogenous “middle
class” favors class collaboration with a powerful, rapacious
coalition of the rich and their bedfellows. This road, too, is a dead
end.
When
one brings the Marxist analysis to bear on the Democratic Party, it
is possible to understand the shift to the New Democrats that found
full expression in the Clinton and Obama administrations. I wrote in
May:
...the social base of the Democratic Party shifted, in the post-Watergate era, away from poor and working class voters, its traditional base through most of the twentieth century, toward professionals and middle strata in urban centers and suburban bedroom communities.
This
observation finds an empirical foundation in the data available with
the June release of the Rose study; the correlation of the shift and
the emergent power of the petty bourgeoisie is no accident. The
unparalleled growth of the petty bourgeoisie in size, resources, and
voting power becomes a target for the two US parties. In the case of
the Democrats, with their traditional link to labor and minorities
guaranteed by ossified leaders, upper-income, “liberal”
professionals have come to play a decisive role. The traditional New
Deal agenda offered again and again as a tease for workers, Blacks,
Latinos, and the poor has been discarded for the social issues near
and dear to the petty bourgeoisie. Redistribution, as a sop to the
old coalition, gave way to “A rising tide lifts all boats,” the
New Democrat metaphor for Reagan’s “trickle down” economics.
Gun control, sexual politics, lifestyle issues replace bread and
butter.
The
contest between the two parties became a contest for the votes,
resources, and agenda of the upper income 30%. The remaining 70% were
fed an unappetizing gruel of empty promises and neglect.
Of
course the US two parties have always been bourgeois parties in the
sense that they are, in the end, owned by the rich and powerful and
are committed to preserving the existing economic and social
relations. However, the Democratic Party has, for most of the
twentieth century, vied for the allegiances of workers and
minorities, conceding small reforms to maintain that coalition. With
the wedding of labor unions and civil rights organizations to the
Democrats, that deference is no longer necessary. With the ascendency
of the petty bourgeoisie, a new agenda has emerged-- one decidedly
negligent of the interests of the working class and its allies.
It
is likely that a similar expansion of the size and influence of the
petty bourgeoisie accounts for the devolution of New Labour in the
UK, the Socialists-in-name-only in France, and of other popular
parties in Europe.
Sanders,
Trump, and Brexit
This
season of political shock and awe leaves many elites and servile
pundits with soiled underwear; they are scrambling to respond to the
rejection of the script carefully prepared for the electorate.
Sanders was not supposed to seriously challenge the trusted
Democratic Party corporate candidate; Trump was supposed to be a
sideshow to the anointing of another trusted corporate candidate for
the Republican Party; and in the UK, citizens were supposed to follow
their “betters” and vote for the continuation of a state of
affairs that served only the interests of the privileged.
In
all three cases, voters showed an unexpected and unprecedented
refusal to be herded like sheep toward preordained outcomes. Voters
demonstrated anger and independence. And their anger was directed at
political institutions, parties, and politicians that have failed
them. The outrage marks the first stages of a rejection of political
options that take the majority of the people for granted and ignore
or deflect their interests. In a real sense, the class dynamics
outlined above have led to a crisis of legitimacy in both the US and
the EU. In the short run, it may be contained. But. going forward, the political
crisis will only deepen.
Zoltan
Zigedy
Hi Zoli, this is a very good analysis. A question of marginal importance: is that correct that the members of the National Guard in the past (up to very recently, until the "economic draft") were mostly from the petty bourgeoisie? And it was kinda intended for domestic repression in case of insurgencies? I always had the feeling. Regards, B.
ReplyDelete(Note, that your post shows up very strange, there must be some formatting error or whatever.)
A cogent yet brief analysis of class in the US today. I have long complained of the labor movement's use of the term "middle class" as divisive and deceptive term which keeps us mired in strategies and tactics that are leading us off a cliff. I will pass on the link to other activists I know.
ReplyDeleteHello Greg, Some thoughts....I took a quick look at Rose's study, as you point out it has its flaws. My concern is it doesn't take into account numerous other variables or explain the structural reasons for shift in the data. e.g. the transition to a "service" economy dependent on imports results in a change in the mixture of occupations. It also temporarily allows for higher salaries for what I call "professional workers" as the transnational profits reaped from aboard go to those occupations that facilitate such production, sales and finance. i.e. the center siphoning undeserved wealth off the rest of the world. It allows for inflated salaries in those as you say closer to the upper class. His upper middle class figures also would include two wager earning families headed perhaps by nurses, teachers, pipefitters or toolmakers. Seems a little low. Especially given the nature of the work, their relationships with employers and cultural factors. My daughter and her partner make that threshold, but they are not "upper middle class." At least they would be surprised to learn they were! my best, Wayne in MN
ReplyDeleteRegarding the National Guard, it was highly polticized during the draft era (Vietnam) as an escape for the bourgeoisie, the petty bourgeoisie, and other "important" people who wanted to evade combat. Today, it's much more representative of the working class as an income supplement.
ReplyDeleteThanks for the comment, "anonymous".
As I noted in the article, income-based (or even wealth-based!) class divisions are flawed and decidedly different from Marx's method. But what is important in Rose's study is the process and trends exposed and not the absolute numbers. The fact that a section of higher income people sorted because they are the group immediately beneath the 1% has more than doubled is ample evidence of the expansion of the petty bourgeoisie. Labor leaders with incomes at the upper edges of the UMC would not count as objectively part of the petty bourgeoisie by Marx though they may be labor traitors with petty bourgeois attitudes. Conversely, small, marginal business people are objectively in the petty bourgeoisie though their incomes and attitudes are not common to the strata.
Thanks for the always thoughtful comments, Wayne.